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| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 1.1 |
Basic Concepts & Definitions |
Scope of thermodynamics.
Dimensions and units. Temperature, pressure, work, energy, heat. Internal
Energy (U), Enthalpy (H). |
| 1.2 |
First Law of Thermodynamics for
Closed Systems |
First Law statement: ΔU = Q - W.
Thermodynamic state, state functions, equilibrium. The Phase Rule (F = C - P
+ 2). |
| 1.3 |
Energy Balance for Closed
Systems |
Energy balance equation. The
reversible process. Heat capacity (C_v and C_p). Relations: C_p - C_v = R for
ideal gases. |
| 1.4 |
First Law for Steady-State Flow
Processes |
Steady-state flow energy
equation (SFEE): ΔH + ΔKE + ΔPE = Q - W_s. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 2.1 |
PVT Behavior of Pure Substances |
P-V-T surface. Phase diagrams
(P-T, P-V). Saturation curves. Critical point, triple point. |
| 2.2 |
Ideal Gas & Non-Ideal Gas
Behavior |
Ideal gas law: PV = nRT.
Compressibility factor Z = PV/nRT. Deviation from ideal behavior. |
| 2.3 |
Virial Equation of State |
Virial EOS: Z = 1 + B/V + C/V² +
...; or Z = 1 + B'P + C'P² + ... . Calculation of virial coefficients. |
| 2.4 |
Cubic Equations of State: van
der Waals |
van der Waals EOS: (P + a/V²)(V
- b) = RT. Constants in terms of P_c, T_c, V_c. |
| 2.5 |
Cubic Equations of State: RK,
SRK, Peng-Robinson |
Redlich/Kwong (RK) EOS.
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) EOS. Peng-Robinson EOS. Calculation of constants. |
| 2.6 |
Generalized Correlations for
Gases and Liquids |
Compressibility charts (Z vs.
P_r, T_r). Acentric factor (ω). Pitzer's correlation. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 3.1 |
Sensible Heat Effects |
Calculation of sensible heat: ΔH
= ∫C_p dT. Temperature dependence of C_p. Use of polynomial expressions. |
| 3.2 |
Latent Heat of Pure Substances |
Latent heat of vaporization,
fusion, sublimation. Clausius-Clapeyron equation. |
| 3.3 |
Estimation of Latent Heat of
Vaporization |
Approximate methods: Trouton's
rule, Watson's correlation. Riedel's method. |
| 3.4 |
Standard Heat of Reaction,
Formation & Combustion |
Standard heat of reaction
(ΔH°_rxn). Standard heat of formation (ΔH°_f). Standard heat of combustion
(ΔH°_c). Hess's law. |
| 3.5 |
Temperature Dependence of
ΔH°_rxn |
Kirchhoff's equation:
d(ΔH°_rxn)/dT = ΔC_p. Calculation of ΔH°_rxn at different temperatures. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 4.1 |
Second Law Statements & Heat
Engines |
Kelvin-Planck statement,
Clausius statement. Heat engines, heat pumps, refrigerators. |
| 4.2 |
Thermodynamic Temperature Scales |
Kelvin scale. Carnot efficiency:
η = 1 - T_c/T_h. Equivalence of Kelvin and Celsius scales. |
| 4.3 |
Concept of Entropy |
Definition: dS = δQ_rev/T.
Entropy as a state function. Entropy change for reversible and irreversible
processes. |
| 4.4 |
Entropy Changes of an Ideal Gas |
ΔS = C_v ln(T₂/T₁) + R
ln(V₂/V₁). ΔS = C_p ln(T₂/T₁) - R ln(P₂/P₁). |
| 4.5 |
Third Law of Thermodynamics |
Statement: The entropy of a
perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero. Absolute entropy. |
| 4.6 |
Exergy and Irreversibility |
Exergy (Availability): The
maximum useful work obtainable from a system. Irreversibility and entropy
generation. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 5.1 |
Fundamental Property Relations |
dU = T dS - P dV. dH = T dS + V
dP. dA = -P dV - S dT. dG = V dP - S dT. |
| 5.2 |
Maxwell's Equations |
Derivation of Maxwell's
relations from the fundamental property relations. |
| 5.3 |
Residual Properties |
Definition: M^R = M - M^ig.
Calculation of residual enthalpy and entropy using EOS. |
| 5.4 |
Mathematical Relations among
Properties |
Relations involving H, U, G, A,
S, C_p, C_v, compressibility (κ), expansion coefficient (β). |
| 5.5 |
Two-Phase Systems &
Thermodynamic Diagrams |
Clapeyron equation. T-S, P-H,
H-S (Mollier) diagrams. Quality calculations. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 6.1 |
Fundamental Equations for Flow |
Energy balance for flow
processes. Kinetic and potential energy changes. |
| 6.2 |
Flow in Pipes & Maximum
Velocity |
Adiabatic flow (no heat
transfer). Stagnation properties. Maximum velocity in pipe flow. |
| 6.3 |
Nozzles |
Energy balance for nozzles.
Isentropic efficiency. |
| 6.4 |
Compressors: Single-Stage |
Work of compression. Isothermal
and adiabatic compression. Isentropic efficiency. |
| 6.5 |
Compressors: Multi-Stage |
Multi-stage compression with
intercooling. Optimum pressure ratio for minimum work. |
| 6.6 |
Ejectors (Injectors) |
Working principle of an ejector.
Energy balance for ejectors. |
| Subtopic |
Key Concepts |
Video Focus Areas |
| 7.1 |
Carnot Refrigerator & Heat
Pump |
Carnot refrigeration cycle.
Coefficient of Performance (COP). Heat pump efficiency. |
| 7.2 |
Vapor Compression Cycle |
Simple vapor compression cycle:
Evaporator, Compressor, Condenser, Expansion valve. Effect of operating
conditions on COP. |
| 7.3 |
Absorption Refrigeration |
Basic ammonia-water absorption
cycle. Comparison with vapor compression. |
| 7.4 |
Choice of Refrigerant |
Desirable properties of a
refrigerant: Thermodynamic, chemical, safety, environmental. Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP), Global Warming Potential (GWP). |
| 7.5 |
Liquefaction Processes |
Joule-Thomson expansion.
Linde-Hampson cycle. Cascade and Claude processes for liquefaction of air and
natural gas. |