Programming for Problem Solving- 3110003 BE01000121 BE01R00121

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
1.1	Introduction to Programming	What is programming? Need for programming, Programming languages (Machine, Assembly, High-level), Compiler vs Interpreter
1.2	Problem Solving Approach	Problem definition, Algorithm, Flowchart, Pseudocode - Techniques and examples
1.3	Introduction to C	History of C, Features of C, Structure of a C program, Header files, main() function
1.4	Compilation Process	Preprocessing, Compilation, Assembly, Linking - Steps and explanation
1.5	Basic Syntax	Comments, Tokens (Keywords, Identifiers, Constants, Strings, Special symbols, Operators)
1.6	Software Development Life Cycle	Steps: Analysis, Design, Coding, Testing, Documentation, Maintenance
1.7	Debugging and Testing	Types of errors (Syntax, Logical, Runtime), Debugging techniques

UNIT 2: FUNDAMENTALS OF C - DATA TYPES, OPERATORS, EXPRESSIONS

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
2.1	Variables and Constants	Declaration, Initialization, Types of constants (Integer, Float, Character, String)
2.2	Data Types	Basic data types (int, char, float, double), Size and range, signed vs unsigned, Type modifiers (short, long)
2.3	Input and Output	printf() - Format specifiers, Escape sequences; scanf() - Input from user
2.4	Operators	Arithmetic operators, Relational operators, Logical operators, Assignment operators, Increment/Decrement operators, Conditional operator (Ternary)
2.5	Bitwise Operators	AND, OR, XOR, NOT, Shift operators - Applications
2.6	Operator Precedence & Associativity	Precedence table, Evaluation of expressions
2.7	Expressions	Arithmetic expressions, Mixed-mode expressions, Type conversion (Implicit/Explicit)
2.8	Simple Programs	Basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), Simple calculator

UNIT 3: CONTROL STRUCTURES

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
3.1	Decision Making - if	Simple if, if-else, Nested if, else-if ladder - Syntax, Flowchart, Examples
3.2	Decision Making - switch	switch statement, break statement, Default case, Difference between if-else and switch
3.3	Loops - for	Syntax, Flowchart, Nested for loops, Common applications
3.4	Loops - while	Entry-controlled loop, Syntax, Flowchart, Examples
3.5	Loops - do-while	Exit-controlled loop, Syntax, Flowchart, Difference from while
3.6	Jump Statements	break, continue, goto, return - Usage and differences
3.7	Menu-Driven Programs	Using switch and loops to create interactive programs
3.8	Common Programs	Factorial, Fibonacci series, Prime number, Armstrong number, Palindrome

UNIT 4: ARRAYS AND STRINGS

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
4.1	Introduction to Arrays	Definition, Declaration, Initialization, Accessing elements
4.2	One-Dimensional Arrays	Programs: Sum, Average, Maximum, Minimum, Sorting (Bubble/Selection)
4.3	Searching in Arrays	Linear search, Binary search - Algorithms and code
4.4	Two-Dimensional Arrays	Declaration, Initialization, Matrix operations (Addition, Multiplication, Transpose)
4.5	Introduction to Strings	Character arrays, String literals, gets() and puts()
4.6	String Functions	strcat(), strcmp(), strcpy(), strlen(), strrev() - Usage and examples
4.7	String Operations	Concatenation, Comparison, Copying, Reversing - Manual and library functions
4.8	Array of Strings	2D character arrays, Applications

UNIT 5: FUNCTIONS

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
5.1	Introduction to Functions	Definition, Advantages, Function declaration (prototype), Function definition, Function call
5.2	Function Parameters	Formal and actual parameters, Call by value, Call by reference
5.3	Return Types	Returning values from functions, void functions
5.4	Recursive Functions	Concept, Base case and recursive case, Tower of Hanoi, Factorial, Fibonacci using recursion
5.5	Scope and Lifetime	Local variables, Global variables, Static variables, Register variables
5.6	Storage Classes	auto, register, static, extern - Explanation and usage
5.7	Modular Programming	Breaking programs into functions, Header files
5.8	Library Functions	Standard libraries (stdio.h, stdlib.h, math.h, string.h, ctype.h, time.h)

UNIT 6: POINTERS AND DYNAMIC MEMORY ALLOCATION

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
6.1	Introduction to Pointers	Definition, Declaration, Initialization, Address-of operator (&), Dereference operator (*)
6.2	Pointer Arithmetic	Increment, Decrement, Addition, Subtraction - Relationship with arrays
6.3	Pointers and Arrays	Array name as pointer, Accessing array elements using pointers
6.4	Pointers and Functions	Passing pointers to functions, Returning pointers from functions
6.5	Dynamic Memory Allocation	malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free() - Syntax, Usage, Examples
6.6	Dynamic Arrays	Creating and manipulating arrays dynamically
6.7	Pointers to Pointers	Double pointers (int **), Applications
6.8	Function Pointers	Declaration, Usage, Callback functions

UNIT 7: STRUCTURES AND UNIONS

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
7.1	Introduction to Structures	Definition, Declaration, Initialization, Accessing members using dot (.) operator
7.2	Structure and Functions	Passing structures to functions, Returning structures from functions
7.3	Array of Structures	Declaring and using arrays of structures
7.4	Pointers to Structures	Arrow operator (->), Accessing members through pointers
7.5	Nested Structures	Structure within structure
7.6	Unions	Definition, Declaration, Difference between Structure and Union
7.7	Typedef	Creating user-defined data types, Applications
7.8	Student Record System	Using structures to store and display student information

UNIT 8: FILE HANDLING

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
8.1	Introduction to Files	Need for file handling, File types (Text vs Binary)
8.2	File Operations - Basics	fopen(), fclose() - Modes (r, w, a, r+, w+, a+)
8.3	Reading from Files	fgetc(), fgets(), fscanf(), fread() - Usage and examples
8.4	Writing to Files	fputc(), fputs(), fprintf(), fwrite() - Usage and examples
8.5	File Positioning	ftell(), rewind(), fseek() - Functions and applications
8.6	Error Handling in Files	feof(), ferror()
8.7	Simple Text Editor	Program to create, read, and modify text files
8.8	File as Database	Storing and retrieving records using files

UNIT 9: BASIC DATA STRUCTURES

Subtopic	Key Concepts	Video Focus Areas
9.1	Introduction to Data Structures	Need, Classification (Linear vs Non-linear, Static vs Dynamic)
9.2	Linked Lists	Singly linked list - Node structure, Creation, Insertion, Deletion, Traversal
9.3	Linked List Operations	Insert at beginning, Insert at end, Insert at position, Delete by value, Delete by position
9.4	Stacks	Introduction, LIFO principle, Stack using arrays, Stack using linked lists
9.5	Stack Operations	Push, Pop, Peek, isEmpty, isFull - Implementation
9.6	Applications of Stack	Function call stack, Expression evaluation, Palindrome checking
9.7	Queues	Introduction, FIFO principle, Queue using arrays, Queue using linked lists
9.8	Queue Operations	Enqueue, Dequeue, Front, Rear, isEmpty, isFull - Implementation
9.9	Circular Queue	Implementation, Advantages over linear queue
9.10	Comparison	Array vs Linked List, Stack vs Queue

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